login blocking is enabled using the pluggable authentication modules (pam) module. what line needs to be in the /etc/pam.d/login file to configure pam to check and see if a file named /etc/nologin exists?

A mechanism for integrating numerous low-level authentication protocols into a high-level application programming interface is a pluggable authentication module (PAM) (API). With PAM, applications that require authentication can be created without having to be aware of the underlying authentication method.

Sun Microsystems made the initial suggestion in an Open Software Foundation Request for Comments (RFC) 86.0 document from October 1995.
It became the Common Desktop Environment's basis for authentication. PAM first emerged in Red Hat Linux 3.0.4 in August 1996 as a standalone open-source infrastructure under the Linux PAM project. Currently, the AIX operating system, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD, and Solaris all support PAM.

A later attempt to standardize PAM as part of the X/Open UNIX standardization process led to the X/Open Single Sign-on (XSSO) standard because there is currently no single standard for PAM behaviour.

Although this standard was not adopted, the standard draught has been used as a guide for subsequent PAM implementations (for example, OpenPAM).

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